Abstract:

Power and prestige in Europe during the first millennium AD were predominantly expressed in two portable materials: silver and gold. These precious metals underpinned the emergence of early Medieval kingdoms in Europe by providing the raw materials for objects that were used to create, contest and reflect status within and between societies. They also provide a key source of evidence for understanding reactions to the political vacuum caused by the disintegration of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the early Medieval kingdoms of Europe.

While parts of temperate Europe favoured gold, silver was the most important precious metal in northern Britain for over 700 years (c.200–900). Silver was introduced to Scotland by Rome (via subsidies, military pay, diplomacy and loot), first as denarii and later as hacksilver, and rapidly became a vital means of expressing power and prestige in the lands beyond this frontier. Indeed, silver’s Imperial connotations may have been a key part of its attraction. The supply of silver declined with the diminishing influence of the western Roman Empire and this dwindling resource needed to be carefully managed and recycled by early Medieval societies.

Together National Museums Scotland and Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie created an international research network of specialists working on silver from the 4th–6th centuries with a focus on the North Sea region. This volume of papers results from meetings of the network in Edinburgh and Schleswig that explored the role of silver in the crucial transition from the late Roman Empire, with barbaricum beyond its frontiers, to early Medieval Europe and the peoples and polities that many modern European nations trace their origins back to. It aims to provide the first comparative, international and cross-disciplinary study of this powerful and valuable material during a pivotal period in Europe’s history. It also provides the first full catalogues of a number of important but poorly understood hacksilver hoards from the UK: Norrie’s Law (Fife), Gaulcross (Aberdeenshire), Tummel Bridge (Perthshire) and Patching (Sussex).

Contents

Chapter 1. The circulation of Roman silver in the 4th and 5th centuries around and across the frontier
Fraser Hunter

Chapter 2. Silver for the Soldiers: quantifying the use and absence of silver among the limitanei of the dux Britanniarum
Rob Collins

Chapter 3. Hacksilver hoarding and silver use in 5th/6th-century Scotland
Alice Blackwell & Martin Goldberg

Chapter 4. Silver in the societies of Roman Iron Age and Migration Period Scandinavia – with a focus on hacksilver of the 4th–6th centuries
Andreas Rau

Chapter 5. Denarii in late Roman and Migration Period hoards
Aleksander Bursche & Kyrylo Myzgin

Chapter 6. Silver in the Merovingian realm: a post-monetary economy between the late Roman and the Carolingian Empire
Dieter Quast

Chapter 7. Hacksilver in late Antiquity, the Merovingian period and Slavic times. Structural similarities or continuity?
Matthias Hardt

Chapter 8. Object biographies of silver objects in the Quoit Brooch Style of south-east Britain: manufacture, use and reuse
Ellen Swift

Chapter 9. Patching, West Sussex: the nature of the hacksilver and the date of the hoard
Fraser Hunter & Andreas Rau

Chapter 10. The early medieval hacksilver hoard from Wem, Shropshire
Roger H. White, Richard Hobbs & Richard Abdy

Chapter 11. Scotland’s silver spiral rings in context
Jenna Martin

Chapter 12. A reconsideration of silver handpins
Susan Youngs

Chapter 13. Hillquarter and the Norrie’s Law and Gaulcross mounts: saddle or shield?
Joanna Close-Brooks

Chapter 14. The siliquae from Gaulcross and Norrie’s Law in context
Richard Abdy

Chapter 15. The scientific examination and analysis of the Gaulcross and Norrie’s Law silver hoards
Lore Troalen, Janet Lang & Jim Tate

Chapter 16. Silver-working at the Craw Stane complex, Rhynie in north-east Scotland
Gemma Cruickshanks & Gordon Noble

Catalogue 1: The Norrie’s Law hoard, Fife, Scotland
Alice Blackwell & Fraser Hunter, with Richard Abdy & Martin Goldberg

Concordance between Catalogue numbers and museum numbers for the Norrie’s Law hoard

Catalogue 2: The Gaulcross hoard, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Alice Blackwell & Fraser Hunter, with Richard Abdy

Concordance between Catalogue numbers and object numbers for the Gaulcross hoard

Catalogue 3: The Tummel Bridge hoard, Perthshire, Scotland
Alice Blackwell & Fraser Hunter

Concordance between Catalogue numbers and museum numbers for the Tummel Bridge hoard

Catalogue 4: The Patching hacksilver, West Sussex, England
Fraser Hunter

Catalogue 5: The Wem hoard, Shropshire, England
Roger H White, Richard Hobbs & Richard Abdy

Catalogue 6: The ‘Cavan’ bangle, Armargh, Northern Ireland
Alice Blackwell

Technical appendix 1: Technological observations of the Gaulcross silver
Lore Troalen, Julia Novion Ducassou & Janet Lang

Technical appendix 2: Investigation of a selection of objects from the Gaulcross and Norrie’s Law silver hoards
Lore Troalen & Janet Lang

Technical appendix 3: Quantitative analysis of a selection of Gaulcross and Norrie’s Law silver fragments by particle-induced X-ray emission analysis
Lore Troalen, Jim Tate & Quentin Lemasson

Technical appendix 4: Surface analysis of the Norrie’s Law silver by X-ray fluorescence
Data by Susy Kirk, with interpretation and text by Lore Troalen